Impacting
Lifestyles through Improved Shelter
- the Azadpura rural
housing programme
Richa Angirish and Geeta Vaidyanathan
T he
village Azadpura is located 11 kms from Jhansi and 2.5 kms from
TARAGram towards Orchha. It is a part of the Newari block of
Tikamgarh district in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It has a total
population of about 850, dominated by the Yadavs, Rajputs and the
Sahariyas (308 in nos, with 63 households). The main occupation of
the people in the village is agriculture and wage labour. The
village has a government primary school. For further education the
nearest higher secondary school is in Orchha.
The Sahariya community of Azadpura is partially
detached from the rest of the village. This settlement came up as a
government colony in the 1960s under Jawaharlal Nehru’s prime
ministership. The development plan incorporated the existing houses
with the internal street network, trees etc. Since then, no other
development had taken place in the settlement. Being close to Orchha,
a historic and religious place, it falls under the Special Area
Development Authority (SADA) limits.
The Thought
Tara Gramin Nirman Kendra (TGNK), a rural
building centre of Development Alternatives at TARAGram, is
committed to the delivery of sustainable building technologies
leading to improved shelter and has been working on building
technology solutions suitable to this region. It works for the
villagers and with them in trying to answer their basic needs of
shelter, while generating employment for the people. TGNK assists
the villager to find sustainable niches for himself, while providing
building material options in the rural as well as the urban areas.
Some of the objectives of TGNK include:
● |
The use of local
resources and sensitivity to the ecosystem which are the basic
criteria followed in the selection of building systems.
Integrating user concerns with an environment friendly approach
and ensuring economic viability are the aims of this centre. |
● |
In the form of Micro
Concrete Roofing (MCR) tiles, FerroCement Roofing channels,
Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB), Concrete Blocks and precast RCC
Chaukhats (Door frames), people have access to economically
viable and aesthetic walling and roofing options, helping them
to improve the state of their shelter without causing
environmental degradation. |
● |
Helping the local
people to become self-sufficient, skilled and technology
conscious, an aim TGNK is striving to achieve through confidence
building, team building and encouraging its members in taking
initiative and responsibility. The process is as much
important here as the product itself. |
With these objectives, Azadpura
was TGNK’s first venture into the realm of rural social housing and
settlements.
The Azadpura programme:
Evolution of the layout - architectural and
planning aspects
In the existing layout of the settlement, most of
the houses were laid out in a line, sharing common walls around one
central courtyard. A few families later isolated themselves to
peripheral areas away from the cluster. Over the years, other castes
settled around the Sahariya settlement and the village started
growing organically.
The existing settlement plan had a prominent
hierarchy of open spaces, a big courtyard at the centre of the
settlement leading to smaller ones in front of each house, every
house being defined by a low raised platform - a significant
delineation of the ‘threshold’. There was no space between the house
and the street, the streets integrating with the house and providing
space for outdoor activities.
The houses are basically used for storage of
valuables and sleeping in winter. Most of their other activities are
otherwise concentrated outside.
The houses have only one entrance and few windows
for security reasons.
With sloping roofs of country tiles on wooden
understructure and thick walls of stone, bricks and mud, these
houses are very low, allowing hardly any light and ventilation in
the house.
Maintaining the modest character of existing
Azadpura houses while designing the settlement was a challenge to
the design team. The essence of these functions and spaces had to be
retained in the resultant layout with only necessary modifications.
Their new houses had also to follow their existing life-styles.
Introduction to ‘toilets’ was a new concept in
the village and it was considered important to make them conscious
of health and hygiene issues. The concept of outdoor living was
retained by the introduction of the "Otla"- a raised platform in
front of the new houses developing the space around the house into a
connecting link between the exterior and the interior and helping in
reducing the scale. The enthusiasm of designing their own spaces led
to a layout which, while being distinct, merges with the existing
settlement.
The whole concept of ‘participatory planning’ was
evolved with the house owners in harmony with their existing
settlement, as most of the beneficiaries wanted their old houses to
be retained and merged with the new ones. There was no site plan of
the existing layout when work began and therefore space planning and
design considerations were done on the site, with the users and the
mason. This led to the instinctive evolution of spaces by the
people, together with the mason’s logical thinking. The whole
process thus resulted into an intense interaction between the two.
People were able to contribute in terms of
materials apart from labour and had the advantage of adding more
elements to their houses. A few of them who had their plots away
from the present houses had to demolish their old houses since they
wanted to stay at their existing sites. These people contributed
stone, murum etc. and got a larger otla and a confined courtyard in
front of their houses. These were small things which added identity
to each house and its owner.
Thus, an organic space resulted in the form of
clusters. While the old settlement houses were aligned in a straight
line next to each other around a big courtyard, the orientation of
the new houses was according to the existing elements of the
settlement, like streets, trees, water sources, existing courtyards,
pathways etc. People were not restricted to a definite geometry,
resulting in a settlement plan merging with the existing one.
Technological Aspects
The use of CEB in government construction was a
major breakthrough of this programme. There was a strong reluctance
amongst the people in the beginning as CEB was a new technology
never used by them earlier. Each house owner initially produced his
own blocks but the process of self-production of the blocks could
not be systematised. Eventually work had to be temporarily
discontinued after the construction of five houses and a common team
was formed, including people from the village and trainers from TGNK.
Changes were made in the percentage of current stabilisation in the
CEBs as per people’s recommendations and a production of about
55,000 blocks took place over a period of six months, creating local
employment for over two months. Not only was there a renewed
confidence in the villagers but people were willing to contribute
more towards construction of their houses as they were getting local
employment opportunities through activities like the CEB production.
When the project started, five houses were
constructed using Random Rubble Masonry till the Cill level and CEB
as the main walling with MCR tiles on wooden understructure as the
roofing material. Random Rubble Masonry demanded skill and intense
supervision, which in turn affected the time of construction and
hence the cost. Concrete Block masonry was eventually adopted in its
place for the superstructure upto the Cill level, which was faster
and required comparatively less masonry skill and was efficient with
respect to available internal space. An effort was made in the
Azadpura project to combine the locally available skills with TGNK
technologies. Eventually, a consolidated team, comprising of masons
and semi-masons from the village, were identified, who are now
working in other external projects taken up by TARAGram with the
same materials. These masons are in the process of being initiated
into artisan guilds to enable increased earnings through improved
building practices.
The construction process provided an excellent
opportunity for intense training of masons and semi-masons as
construction was time bound and both quality and cost were crucial
parameters. Most of the people of the construction team were from
the village itself, which also helped in increasing people’s
confidence in the technologies. Building systems evolved out of the
local house owner’s need and desired aesthetics of scale and
proportions.
Project Management Aspects
The process of construction in Azadpura was
possible due to management structures, which enabled the project to
be completed within the estimated six months. After the completion
of the dwelling units, when the construction of toilets started, the
masons were grouped into a team with a semi-mason/helper and they
were given the responsibility of handling a definite number of sites
on their own and controlling the cost of the toilets. This initiated
them to keep a check on the speed of construction, without
compromising on the quality and to involve the beneficiaries while
maintaining material flow to their sites and filling up the daily
progress reports, calculating the rates and thereby controlling the
resultant cost. This exercise with the masons added another
dimension to the efforts of TGNK towards skill development and
capacity building.
Time was an important factor for cost-control and
innovations through use of prefabricated systems like the Concrete
Blocks, instead of the resource inefficient local stone and the use
of RCC Chaukhats and CEB, ensured the speed of construction. Unit
Rates, Bill of Quantities for the repetitive units were prepared and
benchmarking done to arrive at optimum productivity levels.
People’s Aspect
This has probably been the crucial factor which
made the Azadpura housing process into an experience in impacting
life-styles. From the beginning, women were identified as being the
house owners and so were the focus of the entire participative
exercise. As an entry point activity, TARAGram had co-ordinated with
the Madhya Pradesh Hasta Shilp Vikas Nigam for a training programme
in fibre-based handicrafts for 14 Sahariya women who were included
in the beneficiary list. Skill upgradation, balwadi for their
children and literacy classes for both the women and the children
were conducted regularly, which helped in increasing awareness while
being earning members in their families. They became important
allies in the house construction process.
Although TGNK was a major prime mover in the
dissemination of the process of participatory house building with
sustainable building technologies, the role of local catalytic
agencies cannot be ignored. In retrospect, it seems evident that the
strong feeling among this homogeneous Sahariya community for change
materialised in the form of these 49 houses. There were leaders
amongst them, like the 55 year-old local ‘Dai’ (mid-wife) - Bua, who
was amongst the first few willing to take the plunge. Over 15 years
of promises by the government with no result had moreover frustrated
the people. The existence of TARAGram, the Appropriate Technology
Centre which was creating local employment and local goodwill, was a
point in TGNK’s favour.
Results
A summary of the management and development
aspects of the Azadpura process is given in Table 1.
The entire exercise was completed within six
months and was for TGNK an intense learning exercise on the ‘Power
of the People’ and their capacity to determine their own destinies.
For Azadpura this has resulted in :
● |
An organic, cohesive
and better living environment. |
● |
Evolution of
building systems and an efficient team trained in its
implementation. |
● |
Evolution of the
concept of guilds amongst the masons. |
● |
Project management
methods, leading to a self-replicating delivery mechanism.
|
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Skill acquired in
other income generating fibre-based handicrafts by the local
women. |
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High input into the
local economy (63 per cent). |
The ripple effect of this process cannot be
undermined. MCR has been accepted into the Government Rural
Engineering Services specifications. This has led to the roofing of
65 more houses for the bidi workers in Tikamgarh. The concept of
rural sanitation has also taken a boost, with people from the
village wanting toilets built. It would be unfair to judge this
project by only the direct benefits. It is a true example of an
asset leading to asset multiplication in the local economy in the
form of ‘material-assets’ as well as ‘people-assets’ through skills.
It is also an example of impacting life-styles of
people below the poverty line through improved shelter and habitat.
q
Richa
Angirish and Geeta Vaidyanathan are Architects
with Development Alternatives, Regional Office, Jhansi.
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